During this era, the field fused rigorous biophysics with physiology, positing that action potentials arise from voltage- and conductance-driven gating processes across the membrane. The voltage-clamp technique enabled precise dissection of ionic currents, linking conductance changes to spike initiation, propagation, and timing. Researchers emphasized a shift from purely electrical descriptions to mechanistic models of channel gating and ion movement, shaping how excitability is understood at the cellular level.